Resume

Developing departmental staff assessments, policy papers, directives, management policies, standards, and procedures involving the NRC protective force programs, protection program planning and Site and Security Plans. Conduct evaluations and inspections to ensure that Department facilities comply with established security standards and to determine the needs for adjustments or upgrades to the level of uniformed protection provided Conduct security inspections and security analyses of facilities involved in special program security test and evaluation programs. Identifies the necessary changes regarding policy, procedures, training and standards from inspections, surveys, and audits of the site.Results: Responsible for the training and instruction with established guidelines, standards in support of the nationally developed training programs regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Serving as one of Facility Security Officers in support of the security education, safeguard and administering self-inspections in support of the NRC Serving as one of the Security Technical Representative on Installation Access Control Systems I ark closely with contractors and other security professionals for security clearance and access within a regulated nuclear facility. Accountable for the continues evaluation of all the protective measures and procedures governed by both the NRC and Industry. I review and evaluate all access control systems and security systems.Work with security senior management, in making recommendations on the modifications and improvements in order to enhance physical security and increase the efficiency with in the nuclear facility. Control multi-disciplinary security training program and provide and train on government and industry standards which includes identifying the need for facility protection along with the development and maintaining the protection. Department of the Army, Fort Believe, Virginia Police Supervisor (Lieutenant) Directory of Emergency Services 1 11201 0 to 04/201 1 Supervised the training, and development of subordinate police officers and other assigned staff.Acts as first responder to all types of emergencies or volatile situations such as terrorist attacks, hostage/barricaded situations, mob threats, vehicle accidents, robberies, hazardous material incidents, and other emergencies. Assisted officers by providing interpretation of departmental policies and procedures. Performed as the leader of the tactical response team and assisted in training newly hired officers. Directed activities of personnel engaged in preparing budget proposals, maintaining police records, and recruiting staff. Results: Took relevant steps to establish new policies and procedures by maintaining and setting new standards.Commended on my abilities to revived proactive measures in ensuring and monitoring the department's budget and spending habits. Awarded for my abilities to maintain a positive relationship with the communit y while enforcing the policies, regulations and law. CSS Army – ASPICS-E (U. S. Army Corrections Facility-Europe)/ Anaheim, Germany. Senior Corrections Supervisor, 08/2006 to 07/2010. Managed operations of a 146-bed, medium custody, joint-SE;CE corrections facility. Supervised facilities operations, physical security, safekeeping, custody and control of confined prisoners and staff of 100. Coordinated Security efforts across the organization, including Information Technology, Human Resources, Communications, Legal and Facilities Management.Developed internal management controls to identify resource requirements related to security, forwarded recommendations, corrected problem areas and conducting annual facility reviews. Maintained facility records and prepared daily reports and correspondence. Provide data entry into the security management system. Provided leadership with tracking all projects daily administrative duties. Oversee and provide a continuity of security for agi lity, personnel, visitor control, document control and equipment for all Special project Security matters. Results: Directed accreditation process with American Correctional Association, receiving overall rating of 98. 9 percent for its operation and physical security of the facility. Earned the USAF-See's highest rating. Was the first of five facilities in the U. S.Army's Corrections Command to receive USAF-See's national and its only CA international accreditation. IIS Army – Co 701 SST Military Police Battalion/ Fort Leonard Wood, MO. Military Police and Corrections Committee Chief/ Instructor/Writer, 08/2001 to 08/2006. Provided administrative, logistical, personnel and training support to staff and students of U. S. Army Military Police School. Maintained use of two buildings, video equipment, communication systems, classrooms, audio-visual equipment and ammunition valued in excess of MM. Prepare correspondence, reports, and documents related to security duties in a arti culate, perceptive, and tactful way.

Employment responsibilities and rights Essay

A Copy of your contract of employment agreement. If you don’t have a written contract of employment e.g. if you are employed as a personal assistant, discuss your terms and conditions with your employer and make notes to help you to complete the tasks; A recent pay slip or pay statement; Access to your workplace policies and procedures or notes from a discussion  with your employer if you are employed as a personal assistant Bi) Describe the terms and conditions of your employment as set out in your contract of Employment or employment agreement. Bii) Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip/statement. Biii) Identify two changes to personal information which you must report to your employer. Biv) Describe the procedure to follow if you wanted to raise a grievance at work. You may Describe this in writing or produce a flow chart or diagram. Read more: Aspects of employment covered by law essay Bv) Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas: 1. Data protection 2. Grievance 3. Conflict management 4. Anti-discriminatory practice 5. Health & safety 6. Confidentiality 7. Whistle blowing Bvi) Explain how your role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided. Bvii) Explain how you could influence the quality of the service provided by; a) Following best practice within your work role; b) Not carrying out the requirements of your role. Bviii) Describe how your own work must be influenced by National factors such as Codes of Practice, National Occupational Standards, Legislation and Government Initiatives. Bix) a) Identify two different representative bodies which influence your area of work. b) Describe the role of the two representative bodies you have identified. For this task you will need the following: †¢ A copy of your contract of employment or employment agreement. If you don’t have a Written contract of employment eg if you are employed as a personal assistant, discuss Your terms and conditions with your employer and make notes to help you to complete The task; †¢ A recent pay slip or pay statement; †¢ Access to your workplace policies and procedures or notes from a discussion with your Employer if you are employed as a personal assistant. Task C Career Pathway Create a career pathway plan for yourself, indicating what opportunities are open to you as you progress in your chosen career. Indicate what you will need to learn or any qualifications you might need to gain in order to achieve your goals. Identify sources of information to help you achieve your goals. Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young People’s settings Task D Presentation or report Prepare a presentation or report on an issue or area of public concern related to the care profession. Your presentation or report should include: †¢ A description of the issue or area of public concern raised †¢ An outline of the different points of view regarding the issue or area of public concern raised †¢ A description of how the issue or area of public concern has affected service provision and methods of working †¢ A description of how public opinion is affected by issues and areas of concern in either the health, social care or children’s and young people’s sectors Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Understand employment responsibilities and rights In health, social care or children’s and young People’s settings Question Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai) Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager within your service. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current employment law. Identify three different sources of information you could use to enable you to do this. 3 marks Once you have identified a reliable source of information: Aii a) List three aspects of employment covered by law. 3 marks Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings b) List three main features of current employment legislation. 3 marks Aiii) Briefly outline why employment law exists. 3 marks Task A: marking grid Assessment Criteria Question Met in booklet Met in discussion Not met Record of Professional Discussion Please use Form 8 from the City & Guilds Recording Forms document to record any professional discussion, accessible at http://www.cityandguilds.com/documents/New%20Folder/Recording- Forms.dot Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young People’s settings Assignment feedback sheet Assessor/Tutor feedback to candidate on outcome of assessment Target date and action plan for resubmission (if applicable) Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young People’s settings Assessor/Tutor feedback to candidate on outcome of resubmission Date of final assessment decision I confirm that this assessment has been completed to the required standard and meets the requirements for validity, currency, authenticity and sufficiency Tutor / assessor’s Signature Date Assignment passed? Yes / No I confirm that the assignment work to which this result relates, is all my own work

Yahoo Inc Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Yahoo Inc - Statistics Project Example It is important to observe trends in the time series data in order to assess which model to apply when undertaking a forecast of data. In this regard, graphical presentations are usually recommended. Thus in this study, graphs are used to show the trends in the data gathered as has been recommended by other scholars for observing time series data (Anderson, et al., 2010). One of the objectives of this paper was to assess the measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion (spread). In this study, we use mean scores and median values to assess central tendency and standard deviation, minimum and maximum values to assess spread in the time series data. Therefore, this has been done for sales, costs, and profits of Yahoo Inc. for the period under review. These results are presented in table formats in Part II of this paper. There are many methods that can be used to forecast time series data such as the one in this study (Table 1). In our assessment of the task at hand and the l imitation of resources, we conducted the forecast using regression analysis technique which we found to be appropriate for this study. There are a number of statistical software available for conducting forecasts of time series data (Evans, 2003). These include but are not limited to Excel, SPSS, Stata, Eviews, R, and Minitab. Again, due to resource limitations and our assessment of the task at hand, we use the Excel software to conduct the forecasting exercise in the present study.

Community Health Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Health Strategies - Research Paper Example Several studies suggest that low birth weight and very low birth weight among the new born babies increases their risk of developing certain chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, type II diabetes, and heart disease once the infant reaches the adulthood stage. (Valsmakis et al., 2006; Barker, 1993) Basically, the development of such diseases is primarily caused by poor metabolic function. Specifically in Duval County, the number of adolescents with sexually transmitted diseases has reached a total of 3,875 per 100,000 individuals (Filipowicz, Harmon, & Livinghood, 2007). Another major health concern in Duval County Teen pregnancy or pregnancy between the age brackets of 15 – 24 year old (ibid). In line with this two major health concerns, the relationship between responsible sexual behavior and the effect of sexually transmitted infections with preterm birth will be thoroughly examined and discussed. In the process of going through the main discussion, the vulnerable population affected by preterm birth in relation to sexually transmitted diseases will be provided followed by describing and applying the concept of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring in the role of community health nurses when addressing this particular community health problem. Prior to conclusion, some of the recommended health nursing intervention priorities and teaching strategies in caring for the patients will be identified. Aside from having limited access to health care system, women who are infected with sexually transmitted disease may tend to limit their visit to medical doctors or physician. Because of the absence of prenatal check-up, pregnant women who are infected with sexually transmitted disease may end up not having sufficient prenatal care. One of the main reasons for having a preterm birth is due to lack of prenatal care. For this reason, I have personally

Ethics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in Business - Research Paper Example One of the most important qualities a business leader must have to remain ethical is the ability to maintain divided and often contradictory loyalties. When thought about most basically, a business leader is often a middle person between two other groups who have mutually opposing desires: board members who would like maximization of profits, and employees who want to maximize their own value for work. If imagined in the utmost simplicity, shareholders would prefer that all work be done for free so long as the quality remains sufficient, and employees would all prefer that they get paid for nothing, and these are incompatible goals. One of the fundamental problems for a business leader is how to treat both of these groups ethically. Many business leaders have a fiduciary responsibility to stockholders to maximize their profits while also having an ethical, legal, and often business interest in keeping the workforce happy and healthy.There have been several suggested solutions to thes e problems, which would allow a business leader to think of these competing interests as part of the same goal. Amongst the most prominent of these is stakeholder theory. This theory essentially states that many of these conflicts can be dealt with theoretically by imagining everyone involved as being â€Å"stakeholders,† whose interests must be collectively guarded. Firstly, it can have a paralytic effect (Heath 2006), because it does not deal with the fact that individual stakeholders will still have competing goals.

Discussion Essay (See Below) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Essay (See Below) - Assignment Example A teacher can also be a parent, spouse and member of the local church committee. A person’s social identity is complex and multifaceted with each person belonging to any number of broad groups with which they share general characteristics (race, gender, profession etc.) and a few small groups with which they share specific characteristics (local club members, PTA’s etc.) Accordingly a person identifying himself/herself with a particular group automatically assumes the prestige of that group. For example a black female will automatically assume that she is socially disadvantaged, or a white male may assume superiority above females etc. In order to belong to a group individuals assign certain values and traits to different groups. They then identify themselves with the group that has traits similar to their own this is known as the in group. Similarly individuals differentiate themselves from other groups which have different values and traits, these are the out groups. When a person is aware of difference in out group he/she tends to ‘stick together’ or favor the in

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism Research Paper

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism - Research Paper Example digital crime and terrorism large number of analysis and data collection is being done all over the world to minimize the digital terror (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). People are finding new ways to stay protected from such crimes which are unethical. The eight forecasts that can help stop these crimes are as follows: As the number of cyber-crimes increases, the number of reports will also increase drastically. For this reason officers need to be trained with respect to the new emerging technologies. Also, the attorneys and judges should have more knowledge about these crimes. Recent studies show that that officer in computer crime department are overworked and are stressed. Therefore they need better training to cope up with the technology. Many reports have been received about people complaining that they are getting hurtful comments from unknown individuals. For this reason new laws are being developed to prevent and challenge these crimes and attorneys and judges are being acknowledged (Raisinghani, 2004). The second forecast is the major threat to people which is the internet fraud. Large number of people will be affected by this terror in many ways such as identity theft. Identity theft can be done from a stranger or even a member of family. It is usually done for financial gain. Now days when everyone has internet at their homes people use internet to buy many products. This brings up the identity theft problem. For this reason it is necessary to notify individuals about the emerging problem (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). The third forecast is to create new laws and also to come up with new methodologies to fight these crimes, that is, people should have more education about them, how to prevent such crime and also how the investigation should be done. As very soon these crimes will occur in larger of numbers. For example: cyber stalking. It is the act of harassing people electronically through text messages, email

Two Million Minutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Million Minutes - Essay Example This is providing the Indian and Chinese students with an edge over the American students academically, and is contributing to their fast economic growth. This comes as a challenge for the US. In order to cope with the future challenges, it is imperative that creativity is encouraged at every level. Even the five and six year old Indian students are so clear about their ambitions and have stunningly high career aspirations. The highly intellectual, engaging, and yet funny personalities of the Indian professionals can be attributed to their school system. Indian students in the middle school are significantly advanced as compared to the American students at their level in school. Indian students graduating from high schools are two to three years ahead of the American high school graduates with respect to skills and knowledge. Although I consent with Bob Compton for the most part on his stance over the issue he has raised, yet I think that his argument was not sufficiently strong. According to Bob Compton, math and science are valuable because these subjects help the students become skilled professionals so that they can earn good money in the high tech industry. The aspect overlooked by Bob Compton is the value and significance of these cognitive subjects to the society as a whole outside the sphere of economics. The issue that the US government and the concerned authorities in the US need to target is the quality of education provided in the schools in the US. It is good that students in the US are allowed more freedom and variety to choose their profession from. Students from India and China are not very advantaged in this respect. However, the curriculum selected for the different levels of education in the US lacks the depth and elements that are required to enable the American students to compete wi th the students of the growing economies intellectually. Another fundamental element that lacks in the US and that provides

Bruce Dawes poems Essay Example for Free

Bruce Dawes poems Essay Bruce Dawes poems explore the impacts of consumer culture and are an indictment of the growing materialism in modern society. In Enter Without So Much As Knocking (1962), Dawe portrays a world dominated by consumerism, which has lead to `conformity, and eroded the individuality of many people. The idea that our view of the world can only be seen through television and that our experience of life is restricted and controlled by it is highlighted in the satirical poem, Tele Vistas.(1977) This idea is revisited in The Not So Good Earth. (1966) Television in consumer society is the prime source of information and entertainment. Dawe expresses his concern that we have become desensitized to human suffering because it is presented to us as entertainment. The central message of the satirical poem Enter Without So Much As Knocking by Bruce Dawe is that â€Å"you are dust and unto dust you shall return†. Dawe’s biblical allusion emphasizes that it doesn’t matter how many consumer items and materialistic things are bought, everybody ends up the same way, back to dust again. Society is portrayed as the product of the consumer age and human life is determined as a by-product, lacking in real value and soon rendered obsolete. Dawe suggests that contemporary society is false and superficial. The intertextual reference to Bobby Dazzler epitomizes this: an empty smile behind the welcoming faà §ade reinforced through the superficial clichà © â€Å"all you lucky people† undercut by Dawe’s mocking tone in â€Å"and he really was lucky because it didn’t mean a thing to him†. The family is defined in terms of what they look like in advertising jargon: the mother is economy size. Consumerism now defines identity or lack of individuality. This brings the idea that in order to belong to a consumer based society, the individual must conform. This idea is reinforced through negative listing in â€Å"he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back-stabbing miserable so-and-so†. The derogatory labeling is a clichà ©d reference to the gossiping and derisive comments that characterize the materialistic culture Dawe is criticizing in his poem. Tele vistas (1977) is another satirical poem where humans are identified on the terms of brand names of communication companies, â€Å" Sanyo-orientated, Rank-Arena bred†. This use of metaphor reinforces how identity is shaped by  consumer culture – their character/personalization is determined by their choice of technology. The modern god is television and its viewing content is being satirized heavily by Dawe. This poem thoroughly ridicules the dominance of television media in our lives. Reality is defined by media constructs – relationships and human conversation comes second. Through Dawe’s indictment of consumer culture, he raises the issue that modern society lacks identity, individuality and purpose and that contemporary Australians are typically co-dependent on television for basic human interaction, †a faulty tube led to their meeting†. The romantic cliche’s juxtaposed with references to television suggest that the relationship of the couple would not have occurred without TV. The demise of the relationship is foreshadowed through the juxtaposition of ‘ever-faithful’ with an alliterative metaphoric reference to ‘’World at War’ in the final lines of the poem. Dawe suggests that relationships built on shared consumerism are ultimately shallow and unstable. The Not So Good Earth, like Tele Vistas, is centered on the commonplace activity of watching television. Dawe expresses his concern that individuals have become desensitized to human suffering because it is presented as entertainment. Vivid imagery of human suffering is juxtaposed with the upbeat tone to describe the satisfaction achieved by a good quality picture. This is made evident through the phrase, â€Å"using the contrast knob to bring them up dark, all those screaming faces†. Life footage is depicted as a product like a movie to be judged on its value to the consumer through, â€Å"on the quieter parts where theyre just starving away†. It is a very satirical poem that creates black humor. Through the characters complete insensitivity and absence of either empathy or sympathy, Dawe expresses amazement at the complacency of people in our society. A metaphoric and satirical reference is made by the poet commenting on the destruction of less privileged communities â€Å"We never did find out how it finished up Dad at this stage tripped over the main lead in the dark, hauling the whole set down smack on its inscrutable face, 600 million Chinese without a trace†. The light tone that focuses on the loss of the TV trivializes the loss of life referred to in these lines. By adopting the voice of a consumer Dawe parodies consumer culture and exposes the insensitivity that accompanies  shallow materialistic values. Enter Without So Much As Knocking (1962)outlines how consumer culture has eroded the individuality of people. This is also evident in Tele Vistas (1977) as Dawe portrays that life can only be seen through a television screen, not through common encounters. The Not So Good Earth (1966)is a very satirical poem that creates black humor through the idea that society has become desensitized to human suffering due to consumerism.

Summary of Mortal Engines Essay Example for Free

Summary of Mortal Engines Essay The book begins by introducing the very lovable main charcter who the story is told by, Tom natsworthy, he is a 13 year old boy who works in the historians guild aboard london a large city that has been put on masssive wheels and now roams about what is called the hunting grounds in search of prey. He is what is called a tractionist these are poeple that after a catacylsmic war that completed decimated the planets population and created massive tracks ofunhabitable landscapes, devolped the technology to make thier cities mobile in order to maneuver the terrain. Their is still an ongoing war between the two factions, the tractionists who believe in Darwism and survival of the fittest and the anti-tracionists who believe in cites being stationary. The story follows the dramatic events that take a scholarly boy out of his sheltered setting at a museum and thrusts him into a world of anti-tracionists, air pirates, and reserected humans turned into mechanical monsters. Tom is in strong contrast to the characters around him, including another main character hester, an anti tracionist whos father abonded her and mother who was killed in front of her when she was just five and since then has become a untrusting and cut throat killer, these two unlikely companions are forced to work together to survive when they are both stranded in barren wastelands.These contrasting characters examplify themes that thread through this book, those of mechanical and organic, the ancient and modern, good and evil. despite their releationship with eachother Tom and Hester were raised to have completly diffrent philisophical views of the world but are able to eventually grow to accept one anothers idoelogies through the experinces and hardships they go through together. It was a dark, blustery afernoon in spring, and the city of London was chasing a small mining town across the dried-otu bed of the old North Sea. in happier times, London would have never bothered with such feeble prey. The great Traction City had once spent its days huntign far bigger towns than this This quote illustrates the dog eat dog world this book is set in and is an example of a reoccuring theme that is thread throughout the book, the contrast between mechanical and organic. The poeple in the book are graced with advanced technology that we could only dream of, yet they use it in such a primal way. They somehow have reverted to primative ways and use their collussul creations to hunt one another even to the exstent that they refer to cities as if they were living creatures. The tone is both dark and medevil withe the anger of conflict and war permiating this science fiction scenario. An attraction and strength of this book is the invetive settings and originality of the cultures and characters that inhabit the story. It is a vivid and invetive steam punk book that melds science fitcion and the future with so many elements that are familair from the past with deep thought provking ideas. The description of the landscapes interoir and exteroir the detailed inventions and the gripping plot hold the readers attention and leave you anticipating were the story will go next.

The Hohfeldian Analysis Of Rights Philosophy Essay

The Hohfeldian Analysis Of Rights Philosophy Essay The concept of analyzing legal rights in a broader sense was given by Professor Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld. Professor Hohfeld was born in 1879. He graduated in 1901 from the University of California and moved to Harvard Law School. There, he served in the capacity of editor of Harvard Law Review and graduated with honors in 1904. Professor Hohfeld then taught from 1905-1913 at Stanford Law School. Later in his career, he shifted to Yale Law School. He taught at the prestigious law school until his demise in 1918  [1]  . Professor Hohfeld has contributed significantly to the field of Jurisprudence. He attempted to simplify the term right by creating an analysis that separates various core concepts in law. These core concepts were then shown to be inter-related and a framework of such relationships was construed. The analysis of the connectivity in relationships can shed light on implications of policy and decision making. Thus, his work has permitted the deconstruction of legal principles into individual elements  [2]  . Professor Hohfeld has propounded that the different meanings of the term right are often conflated in a single sentence. In any given sentence, the usage is switched several times. This lack of precision in the language subsequently indicates a lack of precision in thought and the conclusions that are derived in turn. His efforts to facilitate reasoning led him to break the meaning of rights into eight unique concepts. These terms are defined with respect to one another to eliminate the presence of any ambiguity. Four pairs of opposites and correlatives are said to exist as illustrated below  [3]  . Jural Opposites comprise of the following: 1. Right/No-Right 2. Privilege/Duty 3. Power/Disability 4. Immunity/Liability Jural Correlatives are mainly constituted by: 1. Right/Duty 2. Privilege/No-Right 3. Power/Liability 4. Immunity/Disability RIGHTS AND DUTIES What is a right? A right can be defined as an interest recognized, protected and enforced by law. Justice Strong has held The word right is defined by lexicographers to donate, among other things, property, interest, power, prerogative, immunity, privilege (Walkers Dict. word Right). In law it is most frequently applied to property in its restricted sense, but it is often used to designate power, prerogative, and privilege,  [4]   Justice Jackson  [5]  further states The words right or privilege have, of course, a variety of meanings, according to the connection or context in which they are used. Their definition, are given by standard lexicographers, include that which one has a legal claim to do, legal power, authority, immunity granted by authority, the investiture with special or peculiar rights. A man has several rights over both tangible as well as intangible objects. He also possesses rights as a person such as the right to enjoy a certain reputation, the right to not be assaulted or injured, rights in a domestic environment and rights that are related to other rights e.g. contractual rights. Certain other rights of a contractual nature may also exist such as those rendered for service e.g. master and servant, doctor and patient. Rights over intangible objects would include copyrights, patents, trademarks etc. Thus, rights can be considered as advantages or benefits that are conferred by law  [6]  . Rights can be divided into 4 different kinds: Rights in the strict sense Liberties Powers Immunities The correlatives of each of these rights are illustrated below: Duties No-Rights Liabilities Disabilities Each and every right has a corresponding duty. Duty may be defined as an internal feeling of an obligation towards someone. A duty or a legal obligation is that which one ought or ought not to do. Duty and right are correlative terms. When a right is invaded, a duty is violated.  [7]  Rights and duties are like 2 sides of a coin and always go hand in hand. Thus, right and duty are correlative. This implies that if X enjoys a right against Y, then Y is duty bound to respect this right. Rights in the strict sense can therefore, be held to be benefits, which are derived from duties imposed upon others  [8]  . Several different kinds of rights exist. These are elucidated below. The first classification is that of perfect rights and perfect duties. Rights which go along with perfect duties are known as perfect rights and perfect duties are those which not only possess legal recognition but are also, strictly enforceable. Thus, a breach would constitute some action or prosecution and the State may use reasonable force if necessary  [9]  . However, both rights and duties fall short of this perfect system  [10]  . Some examples of imperfect legal rights would include time barred claims, claims that cannot be enforced due to lack of proof, certain claims against states etc. While in all these cases, there is no cause of action yet legal recognition still exists. The principle of ubi jus ibi remedium which means where there is a right, there is a remedy, serves an exception to imperfect rights  [11]  . The second category is that of positive and negative rights. The correlative of these rights are positive and negative duties and acts performed by those in whom the duty vests determine the nature of the right. A positive act relates to a positive right whereas any abstinence from it would constitute a negative right  [12]  . A third distinction is made between rights in rem and rights in personam. Both these terms have been derived from civil law  [13]  . A right in rem is a right that exists against the entire world whereas a right in personam is against a specific individual. The right to spend my money from my wallet is a right in rem but the right to recover it from a debtor is a right in personam. Similarly, the right to exclusive enjoyment of my apartment is a right in rem whereas upon the lease of the same apartment, only a right in personam would exist against the leasee. Rights in rem are considered as negative rights whereas rights in personam are usually positive in nature  [14]  . Rights in personam are predominantly derived from the existence of personal relations whereas rights in rem offer a relation between the owner and a plethora of individuals. Thus, rights in personam are held to be paucital rights and rights in rem are multital rights. A contractual right is a paucital right as it is specifically enforceable only between the parties entering into a contract. A property right, on the other hand, is a multital right as the person has a right to exclude any and every individual. In essence, it can be said that multital rights are constituted by several, separate yet identical paucital rights  [15]  . Proprietary and personal rights form the fourth category. The former is concerned with value while the latter is not. Value, in the case of proprietary rights, is derived from assets, estate, property and so forth. Rights, therefore, which are proprietary in nature deal with monetary or economic value. On the contrary, personal rights are associated with status, reputation and welfare  [16]  . Right of not being inflicted with harm and rights in respect of domestic relationships can be called as personal rights  [17]  . Rights are also divided into jura in re propria and jura in re aliena. A right in re aliena, also termed as an encumbrance, is one which detracts from another in reference to a subject. Thus, the right is limited in its ambit with respect to the superior right. For instance, a landlords right to use the property temporarily may be restricted by a tenant. The 4 main classes that constitute jura in re aliena are servitudes, trusts, securities and leases. All other rights fall in the domain of jura in re propria  [18]  . A property owner has a jus in re propria i.e. a right over the property owned while a pledgee possesses a jus in re aliena i.e. a right over another persons property. A right is known as servient when it is subject to an encumbrance whereas the encumbrance derived is called dominant  [19]  . By subletting a property, the sublessee is conferred with a jus in re aliena by the tenant. Thus, the right of the tenant is servient with respect to the sublessee but dominant as against the landlord  [20]  . Servient and dominant rights are concomitant and may vary in their degree of coexistence. Leases, mortgages and easements are examples of the same. An opposite relationship is observed in the case of principal and accessory rights  [21]  . LIBERTY AND NO-RIGHTS Liberty is defined as the exercise of a right without the interference of law. To say that A has liberty means that A can do all that pleases because there exists no duty to refrain and at the same time, no one else can prohibit X from exercising liberty. There exists a relationship between all individuals that is woven together and held in a matrix. By collectively adding all the rights and duties across relationships, the extent and degree of liberty can be determined. The classic example of perfect liberty is one where no one has any exclusive right to prevent the occurrence of a given act  [22]  . Legal liberty encompasses a sphere within which the law leaves the individual alone. Liberty, however, does not mean interference with another e.g. liberty to voice opinion on public affairs does not grant a person the right to publish defamation. Similarly, one has the liberty to self-defense against violence but no right is conferred to engage in revenge against someone who has caused the injury. A man has a perfect right to fire off a gun, means, apparently, that a man has a freedom or liberty to fire of a gun, so long as he does not violate or infringe anyones rights in doing so, which is very different thing from a right, the violation or disturbance of which can be remedied or prevented by legal process.  [23]   In Quinn v. Leatham  [24]  , Lord Lindley has stated The plaintiff had the ordinary rights of the British subject. He was at liberty to earn his living in his own way, provided he did not violate some law prohibiting him from so doing, and provided he did not infringe the rights of other people. This liberty involved the liberty to deal with other persons who were willing to deal with him. This liberty is a right recognised by law; its correlative is the general duty of every one not to prevent the free exercise of this liberty or right to deal with others is nugatory unless they are at liberty to deal with him if they choose to do so. Any interference with their liberty to deal with him affects him. Liberty is therefore, the exercise of unrestrained activity permitted under law. The primary difference between liberty and rights in strict sense is that things I may do for myself are classified as liberty whereas things which others ought to do in my respect are classified as rights in strict sense  [25]  . Legal liberty is considered as a legal right where any interference by other persons is not justified. During the expression of ones opinions, it can be stated that other persons are legally duty bound not to curtail them. However, there exist liberties which do not enjoy the company of rights of a protective nature. Thus, a landowner, who gives a license to trespass his property, can exercise an equal right to prevent the usage of his property as much as the liberty conferred by the license granted by him. The license basically serves the purpose of making an unlawful act lawful. In Clifford v. ONeill  [26]  , the Court held A license is merely a permission to do an act which, without such permission, would amount to a trespassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nor will the continuous enjoyment of the privilege conferred, for any period of time cause it to ripen into a tangible interest in the land affected. Similarly, a trustee has the liberty to ask for compensation from the estates beneficiaries for administration purposes. But the beneficiaries are under no duty or obligation to provide him with the same. Yet another example is that a foreigner has the liberty to enter any country of his choice but the government can exercise an equal right to prevent the individual from entering. Thus, rights when classified as liberties aid in elucidating the meaning of law  [27]  . No-right is the correlative of liberty and consequently, of no duty. It is actually a word that has been coined indicating the absence of a right. The term no-right basically implies that a certain person does not have a right against another individual in a particular respect. The evolution of this term is said to have taken place in a negative context. So, if X has the liberty to undertake a particular act, it means that Y has no-right to say that the act will not be done e.g. a trespasser has no-right to be removed with force suggesting that the occupier has complete liberty of ejection  [28]  . Another example that can be considered in the same light is that of an alien who has no duty not to enter a foreign country i.e. he has liberty to enter. By the same token, the authorities have a no-right against him i.e. they may not have any right in the strict sense though they may still possess a liberty to refrain him from entering. Cases in tort that are principally of Damnum Sine Injuria in nature i.e. incurrence of some damage without the violation of a legal right are entirely no-right situations  [29]  . POWERS AND LIABILITIES Yet another classification of legal rights can be seen in the form of powers. Several examples of powers exist. A few to name are the power to make a will, the power to sell a property if the mortgagee does not receive back the mortgage money from the mortgagor, the right of re-entry that is possessed by a landlord, the power to revoke a contract for fraud, the power to take legal action against someone, the power to punish and arraign, the power to appoint officials for fulfilling functions, the right to issue an execution in respect of a certain judgement and other such powers vested in the judiciary to meet the ends of justice  [30]  . Powers constitute interests that are legally recognized. If one possesses power, one possesses the ability to change by ones own will, the liabilities, duties, rights and any other relations of oneself or with respect to other individuals  [31]  . Powers owe some resemblance to liberties although they differ in the aspect that the act so performed need not be innocent. The power to create a will does not imply that no wrong is done in the process. It does not mean that a will is made innocently, it simply implies that a right to create an effective will subsists. In a similar light, if a landlord possesses the right to re-enter his property, it does not mean that no wrong is committed but if such an act is committed, it does imply that the lease is effectively terminated  [32]  . Powers and rights in the strict sense can also be differentiated. In the latter case, a corresponding duty always coexists whereas this is absent in the former case. An example of the same is that the right to create a will does not result in a corresponding obligation for someone else. Similarly, one can see that the power to sell the mortgagors property by a mortgagee does not create an obligation on the mortgagor to pay back the mortgage money. It does, however, confer the right on the mortgagee to receive back the sum given as a debt to the mortgagor. A debt and an action to recover money fall under two different categories. While the first case can be classified as a right in the strict sense which would correspond to a duty to repay, the latter is an example of a power given by law that imposes a liability and consequently, results in the institution of legal proceedings  [33]  . Powers can be classified based on the domains in which they are exercised. Hence, powers can be categorized as either private or public. Private powers are exercised by individuals with respect to themselves. Public powers, on the other hand, lie with state agencies or instruments that carry out public functions. Examples include powers exercised by the judiciary, legislature and executive  [34]  . Power helps to determine legal relations and thus, gives rise to either authority or capacity. The term authority is defined as the exertion of power over others whereas capacity is defined as the power exerted over oneself  [35]  . Liability of an individual arises when power is vested in another. It can broadly be defined as the alteration of a persons legal rights by the person who exercises power. A few examples that illustrate this concept are the determination of a lease by reentry of the landlord that places a liability on the tenant, liability of a disloyal partner to seek divorce, one against whom a judgement has been passed is liable to have a decree of execution issued and the liability of a mortgagor that arises from the sale of the property by a mortgagee in the event of non-payment of the loan advanced  [36]  . Liability is unconcerned with the fruitful or unfruitful result in any given case. It is inherent in nature and bears no relation with any duty to pay compensation. For instance, a person committing a tort is duty bound to pay compensation and is liable for an action to be brought against him/her as well. However, someone who is not a tortfeasor is not under any duty to pay compensation but is equally liable for an action to be instituted, that in all probability will fail, as no grounds exist. Similarly, a statute in Virginia provided that all free white male persons who are twenty-one years of age and not over sixty, shall be liable to serve as jurors except as hereinafter provided.  [37]  This enactment resulted in the imposition of a liability and not a duty. Liability is said to be harmonious in nature with no-right. If a tenants goods are seized for non-payment of rent, he has no-right not to allow his supplies to be handled by the landlord and at the same time, the liability to secure and sell the merchandise against his pleasure also remains in effect  [38]  . Liability can also be seen as an advantage or benefit. A person who professes to transfer his property as a gift through the exercise of power, the person entitled to the gift has a liability to receive it. While referring to a gift causa mortis and the liability of the donee to have his gift revoked, Justice Smith has said: The title to the gift causa mortis passed by the delivery, defeasible only in the lifetime of the donor, and his death perfects the title in the donee by terminating the donors right of power of defeasance. The property passes from the donor to the donee directlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and after his death it is liable to be divested only in favor of the donors creditorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.His right and power ceased with his death.  [39]   IMMUNITIES AND DISABILITIES Another category of rights is immunity from legal power. Immunity grants an exception to change any legal relations. The right of an individual to be tried by members of society of equal standing creates an exclusion from being tried by a jury. The relationship between immunity and power is identical to that of liberty and right in the strict sense. Immunity implies a complete lack of liability  [40]  . Cases of immunity from taxation are well documented in the U.S. In Phoenix Ins. v. Tennessee  [41]  , Justice Peekham stated the following: In granting to the De Soto Company all the right, privileges, and immunities of the Bluff City Company, all words are used which could be regarded as necessary to carry the exemption from taxation possessed by the Bluff City Company; while in the next following grant, that of the character of the plaintiff in error, the word immunity is omitted. Is there any meaning to be attached to that omission, and if so, what? We think some meaning is to be attached to it. The word immunity express more clearly and definitely an intention to include therein an exemption from taxation than does either of the other words. Exemption from taxation is more accurately described as an immunity than as a privilege, although it is not be denied that the latter word may sometimes and under some circumstances include such exemptions. Disability, the correlative of immunity, is better known as inability and signifies the absence of power. The legal maxim Nemo dat quod non habet which means that no person can transfer a better title in property than what is possessed by oneself, is an expression of disability  [42]  . SUMMARY In conclusion, 4 independent, unique and distinct classes of rights are guaranteed by law. These are rights in the strict sense, where law restricts others in my respect; liberty, which permits a reasonable degree of freedom to pursue uninterrupted and unrestrained activity; power, that gives a right to execute an action effectively and immunity, which creates an exemption from being subjected to a power. A right in the strict sense imposes a duty on others, a liberty allows an action to be performed innocently, a power confers the right to accomplish effectively and an immunity denies others the right to exercise power effectively in my respect  [43]  . Correlatives are related vertically and read as is the presence of in another. Thus, duty is the presence of right in another and power is the presence of liability in another. Diagonal relationships indicate jural contradictories and are read as is the absence of in oneself. Thus, liberty is the absence of duty in oneself and immunity is the absence of liability in oneself. The contradictions of jural correlatives are connected by horizontal arrows and can be read either way as is the absence of in another. Thus, no-right is the absence of duty in another and disability is the absence of liability in another  [44]  .

The Theatrical and Ritual Aesthetics of Signifying :: essays research papers

Signifying is a way people (usually in a weak position) use coded language to fool a person (usually in a position of power) who doesn’t understand the play on words. The origin of signifying goes back to the African tale of the Signifying Monkey. The Signifying Monkey is a trickster figure of Yoruba mythology; also called Esu-Elegbara in Nigeria and Legaba among the Fon in Dahomey. Signifying uses one word, preserves its original meaning, but puts another oppositional layer of meaning over it. The word is both literal and figurative. Here is how Henry Louis Gates, Jr. interprets the Signifying Monkey tales: The signifying monkey invariable repeats to his friend, the Lion, some insult purportedly generated by their mutual friend, the Elephant. The Monkey, however, speaks figuratively. The Lion, indignant and outraged, demands an apology of the Elephant, who refuses and then trounces the Lion. The Lion, realizing that his mistake was to take the Monkey literally, returns to trounce the Monkey. It is this relationship between the literal and the figurative, and the dire consequences of their confusion, which is the most striking repeated element of these tales. The Monkey’s trick depends on the Lion’s inability to mediate between these two poles of signification, of meaning. (p.55) The Signifying Monkey is an embodiment of the poor man’s values and dreams: He is weak and only has his speaking skills (slang ‘mouthpiece’) to survive on, and he uses it to play the powers of the jungle against one another. The same way a pimp survives on his ‘mouthpiece’ by using fast talk, sweet talk, jive, and jaw-blockin’. The term signifying refers to the playful, humorous indirection or innuendo, the talking around an implied meaning, the ambiguous metaphor, the invective that only works if the opponent lacks humor and responds in a literal fashion. Signifying is an attitude toward language, but it is also a social gambit: signifying enables the man and the woman of words to challenge and criticize without becoming committed to any particular claim or meaning: for only the response will tell. For instance, if I say, ‘Yo mama so old, her social security number is ‘1’†, and you say, ‘Fuck you, man†, you’ve lost, you took what was in the figurative and put it in the literal thus committing yourself to the fact that your mom is old. Now, if you reply, â€Å"well YO mama so old, when she was in school there was no history class†, or â€Å"yo mama so old, when God said ‘let there be light’ she hit the switch† then the signifying can con tinue.

Clash of Classes and Cultures in Educating Rita Essay example -- Educa

Clash of Classes and Cultures in Educating Rita To What Extent Would You Agree That Educating Rita Depicts a Clash of Classes and Cultures? 'Educating Rita' is a play by Willy Russell, a dramatist recently turned novelist. 'Educating Rita' contains only two characters, a young woman called Rita and a middle-aged man called Frank, although this may sound boring these characters are so interesting that anymore characters would ruin the ambiance of the play. In the early part of the play Rita, a hairdresser from north-west England, has started an Open University course with Frank, a university lecturer in his early fifties, in order to change herself. Throughout the play Rita becomes more and more cultured giving up anything that gets in the way of her education or tries to stop her being the cultured individual she wants to be. Rita is a working class woman in her late twenties trying to find herself through a university education; Frank is a divorced university professor in his early fifties. Bored of teaching Frank drinks his life away and has taken on Rita as an Open University student to fund this habit. These two interesting characters from very different backgrounds are thrown together and the clashes of class and culture are depicted in a number of ways. Rita's language is very colloquial and this, at times, amuses Frank; for example, 'What in the name of God is being off one's cake.' Her language is both new and puzzling to Frank as he is used to hearing the generally proper English spoken by his university students. These phrases seem out of place when issued by Frank. 'One is obviously very off one's cake,' - 'you can't say that [Frank].' Frank's sesquipedalian language does not mix with Ri... ...etween two classes and cultures. In the earlier part of the play Rita feels surrounded by an alien environment, the university and its students, she is nervous and, as a result, comes across as very loquacious. She sees this in herself when she says, 'I talk too much' in act one scene one. However, towards the end of play her speeches are generally shorter. In this new environment Rita also feels isolated but gradually changes and feels as though she can interact with the 'real students'. When she finally does this in act two, scene two it may surprise the audience because in earlier scenes she describes them as 'real students' as though her life and their lives cannot mix. But, when she finally does speak to the student, the first line she tells us she said was, 'Excuse me but I couldn't help overhearin' the rubbish you were spoutin' about Lawrence.'

Winnie’s Dramatic Story in “Happy Days” by Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett’s play, â€Å"Happy Days,† portrays a woman, Winnie, buried in the ground, first up to her waist, then up to her neck, determined to live out her meaningful life. Although her situation is hopeless because she has no idea how she got there, Winnie trusts that her life is meaningful and truly believes that there is nothing she can do to change it. Consequently, Winnie focuses on trivial details to pass each day. Beckett definitely succeeds in making this character’s life dramatic by consuming her life with habits and rituals. Winnie’s life is focused around certain details that help her cope with her anxiety of existence. Beckett shows that internally Winnie is afraid of what cannot be predicted or controlled and therefore has her resort to trifles. Winnie’s dramatic story is centered on a famous quote from Beckett’s first published play, â€Å"Waiting for Godot,† in â€Å"Habit is the great deadener. † Although this play is a comedy, there is a deeper side of the characters as well. It is funny in the aspect that both Winnie and Willie live in some strange universe unfamiliar to the readers and that they lead essentially meaningless lives, somehow surviving the passage of time, lack of connection with each other, and purposeless existence. As the play goes on, however, the reader starts to sense that Winnie has a fear deep inside of her about what is to come. She even starts mumbling a half forgotten prayer at the beginning of Act One where the reader only picks up, â€Å"World without end Amen† (752). Winnie blatantly prays for a world that has infinite life so she will not have to see the face of death. As the play develops, it is revealed that Winnie tries to avoid confronting the reality of her situation, Willie’s ignorance towards her, and the inevitability of death. It is almost as if Winnie is in denial about her life but does not yet recognize it. She, however, repeats, â€Å"†¦can’t complain – no no – musn’t complain much to be thankful for† (753) and â€Å"No better, no worse, no change, no pain† (753) as if she really is in pain and absolutely refuses to believe it because she merely trusts that she leads a meaningful life. Perhaps an evident way Beckett portrays Winnie’s dramatic story is through the variation of the phrase â€Å"this will have been a happy day† that she repeats throughout the play. Winnie proclaims this only after Willie cknowledges her existence. Each time Willie ignores her, Winnie’s conversation becomes futile and she starts to get the feeling that her hopes are false because she spends the majority of her day telling stories and yearning for her husband’s response. Her â€Å"happy days† seem to be when she experiences human interaction. Winnie understands that she talks a lot but she simply talks in hopes to generate some sort of human response. Winnie is overdramatic when Willie even utters a tiny word and proclaims that it is truly a happy day for her, once again renewing her hopes of a happy life. She seems to be a typical dramatic romantic woman who is desperate to keep her relationship with her husband alive. Winnie even admits, â€Å"I am not merely talking to myself, that is in the wilderness, a thing I could never bear to do – for any life of time† (756). She understands that speaking aloud to no audience is simply just internal thought and is fearful for that day when she will have nobody to talk to. Winnie repeats â€Å"simply gaze before me with compressed lips† (756) throughout the play portraying her fear that one day she will have to resort to staring into space in internal thought only. Optimistic Winnie, however, assures herself that she will always have her black bag to resort to when words fail. Seeking to fill the hours of the day, Winnie chooses to reminisce about the past, speak in â€Å"old style† language, and carry out various rituals. Her black bag is the source of her rituals and it seems to be all that she really has, considering Willie hardly ever acknowledges her. Winnie starts and ends her day by the sound of a bell, quickly moving to the minute details like brushing her teeth, combing her hair, polishing her glasses, and putting on lipstick. Habit is Winnie’s sole consolation in her thought of a threatening universe winding down and eventually burning out. She insists on constructing activities to pass the time and to provide a sustaining illusion of meaning. Every action taken is in hopes to diminish her loneliness. Her rituals, repetitive in nature, erase Winnie’s distinction between past, present, and future. It is almost as if she has no free will and her habits consume her entire life on an almost superstitious level. Winnie must complete every ritual each day in order to feel whole. In the beginning of the play, the reader picks up on Winnie’s compulsiveness when she dramatically proclaims, â€Å"My hair! Did I brush and comb my hair† (756)? It seems as if superstition creeps in and Winnie cannot continue her day if she does not fully complete her rituals. Winnie bases her future on her next ritual. All of her available sources for optimism, however, are being used up in her black bag so she must work harder and harder to stay positive. Winnie lives in a static world believing that such an existence with no change will fend off death. Beckett’s quote, â€Å"Habit is the great deadener,† suggests otherwise, contradicting Winnie’s only beliefs. Winnie focuses so much on the miniscule details and following a routine that the objects start to control her, causing her to lose self control and actually driving her closer to death with such static routines. The ritual Winnie looks most forward to is singing her song at the end of the day. It excites her to sing it but she quickly becomes saddened at the end, once again exemplifying her dramatic story. The song perhaps gives her a sense of hope for life in the beginning, but Winnie realizes that it is not true in her own relationship, quickly becomes distraught, and must accept the fact that life will return to normal with her habits and rituals the next day. By the end of the play, Winnie is buried up to her neck in the ground but still refuses to admit the absurdity of her situation, constantly assuring herself that each day is a happy day, even if she is on the verge of tears. Winnie relies solely on habits and rituals to protect herself from what she cannot predict. She does not realize, however, that consuming her life with these rituals is actually bringing her closer to death. Beckett even symbolizes this through the fact that Winnie is buried up to her neck by the end of the play, taking away her ability to complete all of her rituals, and making the statement clear that death is near. Beckett succeeds in making Winnie’s story dramatic through her specific rituals and exemplifying his idea that, â€Å"Habit is the great deadener. †

Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Two English Learning Visual Advertisements Essay

It was not until the advent of â€Å"new media age†, which by definition involves prevailing digital-mediated communication modes and substantial usage of multiple semiotic resources combined in the realization of discourses, did the mainstream preference of monomodality unprecedentedly challenged (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2001). Language, as one of the semiotic resources, is by no means the only carrier to realize discourses. Diversity should be acknowledged in the current age when visual, audio and other kinds of semiotic resources are convenient and efficient in delivering the abstract discourses concept into expressions (Kress, 2003). The present study will base its analysis primarily on the multimodal discourse analysis framework and visual grammar proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996, 2001), as an application of their theoretical framework into practices. Since the multimodal discourse analysis (hereafter MDA) theory has been established only within this recent decade, an d it is relatively hard to find solid references to support this theory, flaws and limitations are therefore unavoidable. As MDA is considered the subdivision of Systemic Functional Linguistics (hereafter SFL) which focus on social semiotic approach of critical discourse analysis (hereafter CDA), this present study should be considered as an experimental attempt of utilizing MDA in incorporating social culture and ideology into discourse analysis[1]. Firstly, the rationale underneath this present research is based on Kress and Leeuwen’s four-layered meaning rendering domains known as â€Å"strata† (Kress & Leeuwen, 2001), as well as their theoretical construction of visual grammar, which is an outspread, or more specifically generalization of verbal grammar (Kress & Leeuwen, 1996). Basically, the theory of strata gives an overall account of meaning-making in multiple articulations among discourse, design, production and distribution, the first two of which being associated with content and the latter two with expression. The basic meaning making flow is conceptualization (from discourse to design), materialization (from design to production) and reproduction (from production to distribution). In this research, only the first phase of meaning articulation will be dealt with, because the data analyzed here are visual advertisement posters on the internet without tangible material texture such as paper or stone, which made the analysis less complex and more focused. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001, pp.21), the process of design involves three things simultaneously: (1) a formulation of a discourse or combination of discourses, (2) a particular (inter)action, in which the discourse is embedded, and (3) a particular way of combining semiotic modes. This threefold process has at least two implications: (1) the realization of social communication by encoding the abstract discourse into a specific design and (2) deliberate choice of communication media through which the meaning could be more effectively delivered, such as the combination of music, image and sequence in films. For the second implication, this present research only involves visual mode of semiotic resource which further reduced the complication of analysis. The first implication is actually the central focus in this research paper. If the process of designing is, to some extend, a process of encoding, then using the visual grammar to analyze this design is exactly the reverse process, namely decoding. That is to say, this paper is aiming at using visual grammar as a tool to decode the visual image so that to find out the hidden social constructed discourses underneath the poster. The similarity between visual grammar and verbal grammar lies in their system underlying the language-use, the ubiquitous fundamental elements of linguistic rules (Chomsky, 1972). This generative grammar lends validity to the set of rules Kress proposed suitable for analyzing visual literacy or visual language. This present analysis will primarily follow Kress’ framework of visual grammar, divided into three levels: representational, interactional and compositional. The representational grammar is heavily associated with ideational meaning in SFL, which basically deals with the internal relations between the depicted participant s and a setting of circumstances in which they occur[2]. The representational grammar is basically realized by vectors which could exhibit the interrelations between the participants or between the participant and the viewer. In advertisement 1 (see appendix), the participant is a young white-collar employee who desperately gazing towards the reader/viewer. From the perspective of the representational grammar, this is a non-transactional reaction, characterized by a gazer but without a phenomenon appearing on the poster. The non-transactional process is characterized by a vector extending from the gazer’s eyes towards directly outside the poster or to the reader/viewer who looks at the poster. Similarly, advertisement 2 (see appendix) also shows a non-transactional reaction. But the gazer—a caricature figure of ancient Chinese historical character Zhuge Liang—does not extend his eye-line vector directly towards the reader but to somewhere else without specified phenomenon. Moreover, the second advertisement has, though implicit, an action vector: the feather fan in the cartoon figure’s hand indicates a manner of waving. Although this action vector is also non-transactional, it is stronger than a reaction vector. If comparing these two posters from a representational level, the first one is completely reaction vector with clear pointing angle to the reader. That is to say, the reader/viewer here is actually the phenomenon of the gazer. The second one has both action vector and reaction vector, though both non-transactional. The action vector adds to the poster’s agentive quality and centralized its salience on the movement of waving feather fan. The interactive grammar is concerned with social relations between interactants and the represented world of text (readers/viewers). There are four major systems: contacts, social distance, attitude and modality (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996, pp.43-118). The following part will analyze the two posters within each system. In the first advertisement, the interactive participant, or that young male white-collar imposes a â€Å"demand† contact towards the viewer, which is a direct eye-line vector towards outside the poster. Contrastively, the gazer on the second poster presented an â€Å"offer† contact, which is characterized by no direct eye contact (though imaginary) with the viewer. The distinction between demand and offer significantly distinguished these two posters. The mood represented in the first one is more engaged, direct and intensive. The young male looks directly to the reader as if interrogating the readers if they had been through the same desperation and suspicion on the fact whether Chinese could ever learn English well. He seeks the recognition and resonances from the reader towards his own feelings. His demanding eye-line attracts the reader’s counter-directional reaction vector, and the reader will feel passively being gazed and therefore a tense feeling and obliged inward self-inspection: â€Å"whether I am just like him who cannot learn English well.† However, the mood in the second poster is more disentangled, aloof and carefree. The cartoon character looks at somewhere else as if intentionally avoiding eye contact with the reader. This manner of â€Å"offer† invites the reader to cast reaction vector towards him. By showing a confident manner of â€Å"already discovered the secrets of learning English†, this advertisement uses the absence of contact as a strategy to arouse viewer’s interest in discovering â€Å"what exactly is the secret that this ancient sage has†. Similarly, under the social distance system of analysis, the first poster is very intimate/personal, characterized by a close shot, yet the second one is relatively impersonal under a medium shot. From the perspective of attitude system, the first poster is presented from a front, eye-level angle which represents heavy involvement and equal status with the viewers. The designer of the poster intends to create a young man who could be anyone of those young white-collar who has problems learning English. The second one is also presented from a front, eye-level angle. Yet it is noticeable that due to the disproportion of its body and the small proportion between his eyes and the entire face, it is very likely to get an illusion that it is a low angle, which signifies the represented participant’s power. The compositional grammar primarily deals with the way in which information or value is transferred from the represented participants towards the viewers. Since the two posters both adopted a centered circular position which presented their central characters in the very core of the composition, there is very little to compare in the aspect.

Enough is never enough

AHHHHHHHH!! What am I going to wear today? Every morning, this seems to be a problem, even though I have closets full of clothes and no more space to actually place my clothes since every possible place has been filled. But, I feel I don't have enough, because it seems I've worn just that top yesterday and the other â€Å"Gap† black one, on Wednesday. I guess I'll just have to go shopping once more, since I just don't have enough! Enough is never enough. Whether it is a lust for material, social or political â€Å"stuff†, we simply want more. I live in a first world country, with all the luxuries of life in a house, with a delightful 3 times meal, nice, new shiny cars parked outside- allowing me to go whenever and wherever I want. Basically, for most of us here in Canada, it's the best life can ever get! But why is it that we continuously just demand more and more? Or even better we claim we â€Å"need† more. A want, all of a sudden becomes a need – something we couldn't survive without. But, it's no different for me. I have a huge collection of different types of shoes for different seasons, and the collection just seems to be looking old and I actually think it needs an update, because the last time I bought shoes was just last week, when the new boots came out in style. According to the 2001 Survey of Household Spending, Households in Canada spent an average of $57,730 in 2001 on everything from food, shelter and clothing to recreation and travel, which was up 3. 4% from $55,830 in 2000, slightly higher than the rate of inflation of 2. % as measured by the Consumer Price Index (Statistics Canada). This shows the continuous rise in our buying habits, since our thirst for deeper material possessions doesn't seem to have an end. Its not just one person desiring innumerable things but it applies to all of us. The other day my friend was complaining to me, † I know I just came from the salon but I wish I'd get those bangs instead, instead of these layers, so lets go there tomorrow again. † We actually think that's a bit too much, but you know what? It's happening. We aren't just dissatisfied with our looks, but with everything else we own. She just isn't pleased with what she's got! So, then who exactly is? I asked 10 people randomly to find out the answer and the responses I got were surprising. Six out of the ten people were satisfied with what they have and replied in a positive manner. â€Å"You can't be greedy! How much more can you ask for? You have a house†¦ TONS of clothes, food†¦ and all the other â€Å"wants† for entertainment and all the fun things†¦ o yeah totally satisfied â€Å"or â€Å"I'm satisfied with what I have but I also wish that I can have more material and wouldn't mind having more if I were to get it† or â€Å"I'm satisfied for now but I would want more in the future, like in 10 years† and â€Å"I'm satisfied for now, but because there is more out there and we can access it, we want more but just not right now. † The others were complaining about how little t hey have and life would be much better if they had much more. I would fit into that category! My house isn't getting any prettier, even after all the money spent on the antiques and the expensive decorations. I feel it would make the house look much better, if we purchased some paintings. I have a â€Å"56† inch T. V, that seizes half of our living room space but I plan to buy the new flat screen ones, since they are the â€Å"new look†, even though our T. V is precisely perfect. From Internet to Mp3 players, our life is fully complete. Isn't it? But instead of normal speed Internet, we want high speed – faster and advanced, which means our life is complete but we aren't content. We simply just can't see what items we actually do have and what we can use, instead we see what we don't have and just ask for more and more since its never sufficient for us. We're on a continuous search for material. It's a non-stop hunt! It's not a hunt just for material goods but for social and political rights as well. We live in a democratic society that allows us to have more social control over government. We have more communal rights and freedom then many citizens in other countries. We have the guarantee for the freedom of expression, assembly, religion, and the press. We have equal rights just like all the other citizens regarding race or religion. We have mobility rights, legal rights, minority languages, educational rights and democratic rights. However, same sex couples are still asking for same sex marriage rights. Why does it feel that we don't have enough freedom? But, I just thought, we did. Maybe we should be put in a communist country such as China where public criticism of government is not permitted, and the rights of the state take precedence over those of the individual. That way it would be more fun seeing people complain and trying to get their way across to a communist government. Many of us are well employed and the companies we work for promise us many things, such as benefits, but several of the occupations, such as teachers are still asking for a raise in the pay since its not an adequate pay for them. We are paying all those taxes and even though we are getting safer roads and a health care system, in return, we feel it's too much and want a tax cut. Why does it feel like the government is ripping us off? We have the ability to make choices, get education at any age, attend free language classes, read free books at the library, play at the community center but the list just seems to be looking shorter. We are still fighting with the government against the high tuition cost and the small size of the libraries. We are waiting for new political leaders to come into place and change the way things are being done politically, and make decisions that are a benefit to the society or us, which is constantly changing. We can actually never sit down and be thankful for what we have. It's like we are on a constant search for more social and political rights, because the amount of freedom we currently hold, still makes us feel caged. What is the motivation that's asking us to search and fight for extra? What makes us think we don't have enough and we need to consume more? Don't you want to know? One of the reasons may be that day by day, researchers are finding out new technology and ways to make life much easier and more convenient for us. They provide us with gadgets that allow us to carry out several different tasks at one time, which are tempting to have, thereby creating more wants. As fashion builds, with new styles and trends coming out everyday, it overwhelms us with a new look, which is new and exciting, that gives us a satisfying feeling, making it a desire to go out there and devour more. Daily, our wants fluctuate. Overall, society and our own opinions, make us judge about our haves and have not's. Not having one thing at any moment makes us feel we have nothing, therefore making us unsatisfied. The wants of a person, socially also change and as life gets convenient for everybody, we start thinking about people who are in wheelchairs and are disabled in other ways. We ask the government to make ramps into theatres for them and parking lot spaces, especially to meet their safety, creating a social want. As inflation occurs and prices hike up, people want to start earning more, to be able to afford a living and have enough to satisfy their desires and wants, once again creating a social hunger. According to Maslow's Theory, â€Å"People might have enough of food, security, belonging and respect but!!! Enough of self-actualization is harder to attain. In point of fact self-actualization is seen as being somewhat addictive, once experienced it is something that people tend to want more and more of! Moreover people can only really pay attention to self-actualization needs once their more basic needs are satisfactorally met! † (Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs). This theory shows how it's in us that after we pass our needs we move on to our wants, which are innumerable. All these factors, affect for our longing for material goods and social rights since they arise as the need for them occurs. Maybe we do have an explanation of why we are always asking for more and not being delighted with what we actually have. We might just be able to make it through an answer. Do these reasons mean we can just keep on seeking for more and fighting for more? To what extent can these reasons be used and are they a positive impact or a negative one? The question comes down to asking if the desire for more is a good or bad thing? Are we living in a society that sees the long for more, of a good thing benefiting everyone or something against communal values? In my opinion, it depends on the person who's looking at it and the type of want. I guess the citizen or person for example, asking for less tuition fees, of course will see it as a good thing and sees it as a need to lower the costs which will point out all the benefits to all the students, province wide. However, the government will see this as a negative impact on their financial budget and wont see it at all as a financial crisis for students attending universities and colleges. It all comes down to whose point of view we are looking through. In my opinion, if the social or political want is a one that will help everyone in society, and not harm anything, it's an agreeable thing. We can fight and protest for it since it's something only citizens can see and the government can't and its up to us as responsible citizens to have the political leaders open their eyes and recognize that it's for a good cause. It's the only way to be able to improve our society and the world we live in. If companies for example, were asking for laws that would be damaging to the environment such as no pollution control or being able to throw chemicals in the water, they would be seen as a social greed. The government hasn't allowed this law to take place for a specific reason and it should be kept that way. As time passes and changes occur in style and technology the lust for new things seem logical as long as there isn't a continuous desire. We just need to draw a line sometimes to exactly where the limits are for searching and fighting for extra of everything, sometimes that can justify the good and bad. We should be able to stay within them, and the person that exactly decides the limits is – us.

Public Facilities

public facilities in india have become more than in these recent years. Our country is progressing very fast like a person climbing fast on any mountain peak. In this scenario indians are provided with many public facilities such as transport facilty, communication facility, social facility , etc, but amongst all education facility is the most pre occupied in them. As you all know education plays a very crucial roles in our day to day life and even if the peoples are not educated then these other facilties become of no use. people are well been provided with these facilities but some people may not use them properly.You can see this in many newspaper or in any media and even we see them in our daily life such as some peoples have the habit to dirt the public bus or you can see the real life example in your school. in your school some bad students untides classroom and broke or make designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which will soon become much economical than it is now, before it will happen, our indian government is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. o that ‘s all balwant , hope this will help you, cheers! public facilities in india have become more than in these recent years. Our country is progressing very fast like a person climbing fast on any mountain peak. In this scenario indians are provided with many public facilities such as transport facilty, communication facility, social facility , etc, but amongst all education facility is the most pre occupied in them.As you all know education plays a very crucial roles in our day to day life and even if the peoples are not educated then these other facilties become of no use. people are well been provided with these facilities but some people may not use them properly. You can see this in many newspaper or i n any media and even we see them in our daily life such as some peoples have the habit to dirt the public bus or you can see the real life example in your school. n your school some bad students untides classroom and broke or make designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which will soon become much economical than it is now, before it will happen, our indian government is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. so that ‘s all balwant , hope this will help you, cheers!

Changing Face of Indian Advertising Mascots

The success of these mascots can be qualified by, the increase in the brand value of these brands consumer connect. Decline of mascot power The Indian market grew at a fast pace in nineties everything from pencils to cars, salt to luxury goods required an advertising campaign this was the time when we saw emergence of celebrity advertising and mascots lost their appeal. We also lived in a time when there was no argument regarding the fact that a celebrity can make or break a brand. The pampering and recognition given to the celebrity in the marketing of the product in some cases was even greater than the product itself. The advertising world, during this time strongly believed that the celebrities transfer their success, personality, status and power to the brand. They attributed reasons for the growth of celebrity endorsements to: †¢ Create great brand awareness for product †¢ Sustaining the brand image †¢ Stimulating and reviving brands †¢ Product association However, the advertising world also realized that many brand ambassadors does not practice what they preach and sometimes controversies and unpleasant incidents connected with the celebrity causes damage. It is also observed that over exposure and multiple endorsements too can damage the image of product. The Indian market which is saturated with celebrity endorsements has seen emergence of the mascots. Emergence of the mascots The courage and optimism that common man of R. K. Laxman portrays and a middle-class Indian, that Chintamani portrays is certainly unmatched but the new age mascots are more attractive, and trendy. The advertisers have become more creative with the use of animation. The new age mascots have a lasting appeal and create a whole new persona for the product. They manage the product as efficiently as a celebrity. Moreover, in the current marketing scenario when the celebrity charisma diminishing away the world of advertising is turning back to mascots. Celebrities get associated with too many products and therefore it is difficult to relate them with one particular brand, which is not the case with the mascots. For an example Shahrukh Khan endorse brands such as Pepsi, Airtel, Santro, Emami , and many more but Fido is just associated with 7Up. The strength of mascots lies in its uniqueness, and its power of effectively communicating the ethos of the brand like, Chintamani solves all our worries related to tax savings and good returns paving a new way for no chinta, Share Khan tell us how to smartly invest in stocks and reap rich dividends, Gattu with the brush in his hand and the smile on his face passes the message that a bright coat of paint will brighten up the house. Moreover the mascots are not as expensive as celebrities. The cost of creating these characters is as low as development of a normal commercial. Lowe Advertising creative director Delna Sethna claims that the first Chintamani ad cost around Rs 7 lakh. Moreover, the animated characters also give more scope for creative-flexibility. Mascots are dynamic and they adapt with changing times. We should acknowledge how the Amul girl in polka dots has changed overtime, and Fido has makeovers with the changing time. The advertising world has also observed that the popularity of any mascot is not only based on the response they get, but also depend on the fact that these faces have a higher recall value. Conclusion The Amul girl was born in 1967 is still a popular mascot. She may soon enter into the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest campaign to survive in the market. This goes on to prove that the mascots are more appropriate brand ambassadors. The impact and success of the mascot, depends on how effectively it conveys the brand values and the ideals that consumers would associate with. Changing Face of Indian Advertising Mascots The success of these mascots can be qualified by, the increase in the brand value of these brands consumer connect. Decline of mascot power The Indian market grew at a fast pace in nineties everything from pencils to cars, salt to luxury goods required an advertising campaign this was the time when we saw emergence of celebrity advertising and mascots lost their appeal. We also lived in a time when there was no argument regarding the fact that a celebrity can make or break a brand. The pampering and recognition given to the celebrity in the marketing of the product in some cases was even greater than the product itself. The advertising world, during this time strongly believed that the celebrities transfer their success, personality, status and power to the brand. They attributed reasons for the growth of celebrity endorsements to: †¢ Create great brand awareness for product †¢ Sustaining the brand image †¢ Stimulating and reviving brands †¢ Product association However, the advertising world also realized that many brand ambassadors does not practice what they preach and sometimes controversies and unpleasant incidents connected with the celebrity causes damage. It is also observed that over exposure and multiple endorsements too can damage the image of product. The Indian market which is saturated with celebrity endorsements has seen emergence of the mascots. Emergence of the mascots The courage and optimism that common man of R. K. Laxman portrays and a middle-class Indian, that Chintamani portrays is certainly unmatched but the new age mascots are more attractive, and trendy. The advertisers have become more creative with the use of animation. The new age mascots have a lasting appeal and create a whole new persona for the product. They manage the product as efficiently as a celebrity. Moreover, in the current marketing scenario when the celebrity charisma diminishing away the world of advertising is turning back to mascots. Celebrities get associated with too many products and therefore it is difficult to relate them with one particular brand, which is not the case with the mascots. For an example Shahrukh Khan endorse brands such as Pepsi, Airtel, Santro, Emami , and many more but Fido is just associated with 7Up. The strength of mascots lies in its uniqueness, and its power of effectively communicating the ethos of the brand like, Chintamani solves all our worries related to tax savings and good returns paving a new way for no chinta, Share Khan tell us how to smartly invest in stocks and reap rich dividends, Gattu with the brush in his hand and the smile on his face passes the message that a bright coat of paint will brighten up the house. Moreover the mascots are not as expensive as celebrities. The cost of creating these characters is as low as development of a normal commercial. Lowe Advertising creative director Delna Sethna claims that the first Chintamani ad cost around Rs 7 lakh. Moreover, the animated characters also give more scope for creative-flexibility. Mascots are dynamic and they adapt with changing times. We should acknowledge how the Amul girl in polka dots has changed overtime, and Fido has makeovers with the changing time. The advertising world has also observed that the popularity of any mascot is not only based on the response they get, but also depend on the fact that these faces have a higher recall value. Conclusion The Amul girl was born in 1967 is still a popular mascot. She may soon enter into the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest campaign to survive in the market. This goes on to prove that the mascots are more appropriate brand ambassadors. The impact and success of the mascot, depends on how effectively it conveys the brand values and the ideals that consumers would associate with.

Health promotion in physical activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health promotion in physical activity - Essay Example This essay "Health promotion in physical activity" outlines how the modern lifestyle affects the level of obesity and the significance of the physical activity for the good health. The World Health Organization in 2004 implemented the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS) which calls on member states, the private sector and public sector to implement policies that help in reducing and preventing chronic disease. The European Charter on Countering Obesity was also formed by WHO member states in the region on 16 November, 2006. However, even with the combined efforts of states in Europe, obesity is still on a continuous rise with alarming predictions of its prevalence in the future. Policies implemented to curb the pandemic need to focus on making the healthy choices easy, natural and desirable to the target groups. Four main sectors are tasked with the responsibility of incorporating physical activity in the lives of the citizens as much as possible. They are health, transport, urban planning and environment and occupation sectors.The health sector can start by promoting and engaging in inter-sectorial work at all levels, ensuring that health practitioners are motivated to promote physical activity to the public and also to lead by example. The transport sector needs to address the safety needs of cyclists and pedestrians, link with the health sector to harmonize their policies and to communicate the benefits of physically active transport as compared to using cars.

In the character of Gatsby, Fitzgerald holds the idea of the American Essay

In the character of Gatsby, Fitzgerald holds the idea of the American Dream up to ridicule. With reference to appropriately sele - Essay Example But when Gatsby returned from the war to New York with riches and a newfound power, he was able to grab hold of the American dream. This dream that became a reality, however, seemed to sell Gatsby short, as he tragically found that his newly acquired wealth and social status - as well as the girl of his dreams, Daisy Buchanan - could not purchase his happiness. In fact, this dream came at the price of his good character, and ultimately, his life. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby in this novel to represent what went wrong with America - a society in the Roaring Twenties that turned its back on morals and integrity to embrace wealth, prestige, parties, immorality and alcohol - ingredients not for happiness and fulfillment, but for loneliness and despair. Fitzgerald begins dismantling the heightened image of the American dream through the character and narrator, Nick Caraway, who often describes and characterizes Gatsby during his quest for Daisy, respect, and acceptance. Unlike most of the other characters in the novel, however, Nick sees through Gatsby’s supposed fulfillment and satisfaction, and does not envy the â€Å"great Gatsby,† who is praised and idolized by the indulgent materialistic crowds that gather at his mansion to party and drink. This lifestyle that society was told to buy into did not appeal to Nick, â€Å"Gatsby turned out all right in the end; it was what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the aborted sorrows and short-winded elations of men,† (Fitzgerald 6). Instead of seeing Gatsby as a high-paying consumer, Nick sees Gatsby as the one who was being consumed by the price of having to pay dearly to reach his costly dreams, which will ultimately cost him his life. Nick saw through the false promises of happiness to be attained by pursuing and reaching the American dream, and he notes that any satisfaction or happiness gleaned as a result is shallow and short- lived. Early on, the reader witnesses that the ideals of glitz, glamour, prestige, promiscuity, and all the trappings of what became known as the high society in the Roaring Twenties is not what it is cut out to be. Even though Gatsby and the high-brow company he keeps are characterized as living the American dream, the author uses Nick to show the true depravity of those who jump on board to live for this flawed concept. Nick actually calls Gatsby out, telling him exactly what he thinks about those who believe that they have reached the top of the ladder in life, â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd . . . You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together,† (Fitzgerald 162). Through Nick, Fitzgerald shows that Gatsby and all the partying elite with which he surrounds himself are morally depraved - even though they hold themselves up as being above the rest of society (that has not achieved the American dream). Nick even sets himself apart from Gatsby and his wealthy revele rs, noting that virtuous behavior is far from what those chasing after the American dream possess, â€Å"Everyone suspects themselves of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known,† (Fitzgerald 64). This statement goes to show that moral behavior in the upper class society on Long

Blood pressure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blood pressure - Assignment Example 298). Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood the heart can pump with each beat. Cardiac output and blood pressure have direct correlation thus, the more blood the heart can pump, the greater is the cardiac output, leading to increase blood pressure. The same correlation applies to blood volume or the amount of blood in the blood vessels at any given time. Thus, a decrease in blood volume will lead to decrease blood pressure, and vice-versa. Resistance to blood flow is another factor affecting blood pressure and pertains to how hard it is for the blood to flow through the vessels. A narrowed blood pressure will increase the resistance to blood flow leading to increase blood pressure. Likewise, a widened blood vessel will decrease the resistance to blood flow leading to decrease blood pressure. Carterand Lewsen (2005) also identified influencing factors of blood pressure such as age, gender, and race (p. 298). Normal and abnormal blood pressures are determined through systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure readings. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood during heart contraction while diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood during heart relaxation (Rosdahland Kowalski, 2008, p. 523). Blood pressure is measured in milimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and the normal blood pressure is